Roman Republic

v Early Rome

Ø myths, legends

Ø Romulus & Remus

Ø The Aeneid, by Vergil (d. 19 BCE); Aeneas

Ø Lucretia

Ø Etruscans

Ø res + publica

Ø patricians

Ø plebeians; equestrians

Ø The Struggle of the Orders (late 500s to early 200s BCE)

§ governmental structure of the Roman Republic

v Patrons & Clients

Ø Rome map

Ø forum →

Ø subur(b)a

v Roman Values

Ø paterfamilia

Ø piety, duty, loyalty

Ø 12 Tables

Ø virtus

Ø gravitas

Ø dignitas

Ø triumph

v Roman Expansion into the western Mediterranean Sea

Ø Latin League (Italy)

Ø Punic Wars (Western Mediterranean)

§ Carthage

§ First, mid 3C BCE

§ Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica

§ Second, late 3C BCE

§ Saguntum

§ Hannibal

§ Macedonia

§ Third, mid 2C BCE

§ latifundium →

v Roman Expansion into the eastern Mediterranean Sea
	Ø Greece & Macedonia Ø Seleucids Ø Greco-Roman Ø mare nostrum = "our lake"
v Tangled issues of "The Roman Revolution" (133–31 BCE)
	Ø slavery § Spartacus, 73-71 BCE; Plutarch, Crassus; Florus, Epitome § Spartacus, dir. Stanley Kubrick, 1960 CE § How true to the primary sources was the film? § gladiators § Crassus (see below, First Triumvirate) Ø latifundia vs. "family farms" § patrons § clients Ø Tiberias Gracchus, 2C BCE (see below, the Gracchi) Ø military: Gauls (Celts); Germanic peoples Ø "pasturage, pasturage, and pasturage" Ø Hellenization
v Attempts to stabilize the Roman Republic
	Ø the Gracchi, 133-122 BCE (Tiberius & Gaius) § optimates § populares Ø Gaius Marius, 157-086 BCE Ø Lucius Cornelius Sulla: 138-078 Ø First Triumvirate: 60-49 § Marcus Licinius Crassus (d. 53 BCE) § Pompey (the Great) (106-48 BCE) ↓ § Gaius Julius Caesar (100-044 BCE) · veni, vidi, vici · “the die is cast” · “crossing the Rubicon” · Cleopatra VII → · dictator for life · Ides of March, 44 BCE